The English website is maintained by the Project Management Unit, and is updated regularly with reports of workshops and lectures, announcements of future conferences, links to other research organizations, and our newsletters and other publications. Our website contains English information on all of the seven units, and is designed for easy use. Please take a look at our website for the most up-to-date information on the activities of our project.

By making the information available in both Japanese and English, we hope to create an environment in which Japanese and foreign scholars will keep in close contact and exchange information. Although the IAS Project will end in March 2002, the office will be maintained for the time being. Project members may still be contacted at the address below until details of a new project are announced on the website.

Islamic Area Studies Project Management Office

The University of Tokyo, Bungakubu Annexe

7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

Tel: +81-3-5841-2687 Fax: +81-3-5841-2686

E-mail: i-inr@l.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Please note that the first letter after the @ mark is a lower-case L.

URL: http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/IAS/

Please do not hesitate to contact us by e-mail, fax, or post as we welcome any questions or suggestions you may have. Also, please contact us if you are interested in receiving a copy of any of the following publications:

Annual Newsletter Published in both Japanese and English and contains the research plans for each year

Working Paper Series Published in English, French, Arabic, and other languages. Includes papers from seminars

Data Book Series Published in booklet form or as a CD-ROM. Bibliographical catalog and visual material

Proceedings Series Reports of symposia and workshops

(See p. 55 for a list of publications.)

The Islamic Area Studies Project will hold an international symposium from October 5 to 8, 2001 at the Kazusa Arc, Kisarazu City, Chiba, Japan. This is the final and concluding international symposium of our project. We would like to present the results of five years of comprehensive and multidisciplinary research, aiming not only to evaluate the results of our collaborative research but also to bring up new themes for investigation. Our symposium is open to all colleagues and students who are interested in Islamic Area Studies, and we hope that many people will participate in the discussions.

The Kazusa Arc is located an hour from Tokyo Station by a direct bus service and provides a pleasant and quiet setting for the symposium.

Organizing committee:

KOMATSU Hisao (The University of Tokyo), Chair

HAYASHI Kayoko (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)

IIZUKA Masato (ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)

October 5 Friday

Registration

Opening Address

Opening Lectures

ﾒThe Interpretation and Periodization of Modern Arab History: Personal Reflectionsﾓ

Abdul-Karim RAFEQ (College of William and Mary in Virginia, USA)

ﾒViewing the Middle East from Japan: A Historical Perspectiveﾓ (in Japanese)

SUGITA Hideaki (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

Reception

October 6 Saturday

Session 1 Islamism and Secularism in the Contemporary Muslim World

Session 2 The Public and Private Spheres in Muslim Societies Today:

Gender and the New Media

Session 3 Ports, Merchants and Cross-Cultural Contacts

October 7 Sunday

Session 4 Sufis and Saints Among the People in Muslim Societies

Session 5 Social Protests and Nation-Building in Muslim Societies

October 8 Monday

Session 6 Contracts, Validity, Documentation: Historical Research of the

Sharia Courts

Session 7 Islamic Area Studies with Geographic Information Systems

Concluding Discussion

Closing Ceremony

Session 1 Islamism and Secularism in the Contemporary Muslim World

This session focuses on the ongoing conflict between Islamism and secularism in the contemporary Muslim world. Here we use the term ﾒIslamismﾓ to mean the political activism based on the belief that all human life must be guided by Islamic principles, and we define ﾒsecularismﾓ as a philosophical trend that seeks to separate political and civil affairs from religion. While it is true that such conflict existed during most periods in Muslim history, it has become more and more serious since 1979, when the Islamist government of Iran was established by popular revolution. During the 1980s and 1990s, Islamism occupied a central position in both political discourse in Muslim countries and scholarly discussion among Islamic area studies scholars.

Two topics will be discussed in this session. The first will be the nature of Islamist political challenges against secular national governments. The current situation and dynamism of Islamist movements in Indonesia, Turkey, Central Asia (post-Soviet Union), and other Muslim countries will be discussed, with special reference to intellectual, sociological, economic, and political backgrounds.

Our second topic will be concerned with the philosophical and political struggles over Islamic law in contemporary Muslim nation-states. Without any doubt, it is the central issue of the conflict between Islamists and secularists. As is well-known, from the early nineteenth century, most of the Muslim countries took up the Western civil code as their model. Although a lot of religious conservatives opposed the import of such legal policies, the governments succeeded in replacing most of their traditional laws with those of Western origin. But with the dramatic growth of Islamism during the 1980s and 1990s, Islamic law and its codification, especially family law, have regained some of its influence in most Muslim countries. We will have two case studies on this topic; one for Arab countries and the other for India, which has a large Muslim minority. Panelists may discuss also the differences in the concepts of law in Islamic and Western legal thought, and the continuity or discontinuity between classical law and modern legislation.

The diversity of the Islamism-secularism conflict is well-known; therefore we will not seek to confine the conflicts within any single understanding. But bringing together the various perspectives of the panelists with concentrations in political science, sociology, history and area studies, will create a multidisciplinary paradigm for the research of the Islamism-secularism conflict. This paradigm answers one of the main purposes of our Islamic Area Studies Project, that is, to pursue multidisciplinary area studies on the Muslim world.

Session 1 Lectures:

ﾒBetween Classical Law and Modern Legislation in the Arab Countriesﾓ

YANAGIHASHI Hiroyuki (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

ﾒMuslim Family Law: Gender Biasesﾓ

Nilima CHANDIRAMANI (University of Mumbai, India)

ﾒUmmat, Ulama and Umara in Indonesiaﾓ

KOBAYASHI Yasuko (Nanzan University, Japan)

ﾒMuslim Umma in Non-Islamic States: Point of View of Ulama of the Ferghana Valley till and After Independenceﾓ

Bakhtiyar BABADJANOV (Institute of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan)

ﾒAgenda Setting and Discourse Making of the Welfare Party/Fazilet Party in the 1990sﾓ

SAWAE Fumiko (Hitotsubashi University, Japan)

ﾒNotions of islah (reform) and tajdid (renewal) in the Egyptian Public Sphere: The Tension Between Continuity and Change in Contemporary Islamist Discoursesﾓ

Amr HAMZAWY (Free University of Berlin, Germany)

ﾒIslamism and Islamists in the Early Twenty First Century: Facts and Ideologiesﾓ

Fran腔is BURGAT (French Center for Yemenite Studies, Yemen)

Session 2 The Public and Private Spheres in Muslim Societies Today:

Gender and the New Media

The public/private dichotomy has been widely accepted as a useful framework of analysis in the circles of Middle Eastern and Islamic studies, and in social thought in general. Although some scholars have questioned the utility of the public/private dichotomy, most recognize it as complementing other basic categories of social thought such as male/female, political affairs/domestic affairs, and others.

This session, composed of six panelists, is planned to probe the validity of the public/private distinction through the empirical and theoretical examination of recent socio-cultural transformations among Muslim societies in the Middle East. We focus our discussion on two related topics.

The first is specifically concerned with gender issues. Conventionally, womenﾕs activities appear confined to the private sphere and, when women enter the public sphere for some purposes, they have to put on some form of the ﾒveil.ﾓ Such a dress code is said to have been observed more strictly by the so-called re-Islamization or Islamic revival since the 1970s. We have to remember, however, that women started to appear in the streets in many cities in the Middle East to attend schools or work in offices at nearly the same time. Even in the rural areas, the recent penetration of cash economy has transformed traditional styles of womenﾕs domestic work into a kind of a small-scale capitalistic production to sell products in markets as commodities. These specific forms of entry into the public sphere are the key to rethinking the theoretical implications of the public/private distinction.

The second and related topic is the recent remarkable spread of new communications media in the Middle East and in Muslim-majority societies, contributing to the emergence in these regions of a new ﾒpublic sphere,ﾓ as Eickelman and Anderson (1999) have recently argued. Our goal is to ask a question complementary to theirs: how does the newly emerging public sphere relate to the complementary emergence of privatization, or a ﾒprivateﾓ sphere, in the Middle East and the Muslim-majority world? In answering this question, the issues of gender roles and the public/private distinction converge and link to some of the main currents of contemporary anthropological thought.

Session 2 Lectures:

ﾒGender and Space in Arab Societies: The Changing Divideﾓ

OHTSUKA Kazuo (Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan)

ﾒThe New Islamic Women in Turkey: Dilemmas of Space, Place, and Classﾓ

Jenny B. WHITE (Boston University, USA)

ﾒWomenﾕs Domestic Side Jobs and the New Mediaﾓ

TAKAKI Keiko (Obirin University, Japan)

ﾒIranian Labourers in Japan: Friendly Relations and Alienationﾓ

YAMAGISHI Tomoko (Meiji University, Japan)

ﾒMuslim Networks, Muslim Selves in Cyberspace: Islam in the Post-modern Public Sphereﾓ

Jon W. ANDERSON (Catholic University of America, USA)

ﾒGender and Religion in the Public and Private Spheresﾓ

Dale F. EICKELMAN (Dartmouth College, USA)

Session 3 Ports, Merchants and Cross-cultural Contacts

As is well-known, a great number of works concerning the activities of European people in the so-called Orient after the 17th century has been produced. (Here, the word ﾒOrientﾓ is used in its broadest sense, that is, the non-European world as a whole.) Studies on their commerce, missionary work, wars, colonization process of Asian countries and so on, have advanced remarkably these last twenty years. There still remain, however, many points to be clarified and which await our research.

Cross-cultural contacts in the Orient are certainly among these points. When one faces different ways of life, belief, and thought, how does the person react? Acceptance, compromise, or refusal? Obviously, we can find various cases depending on the conditions of the encounter. Who met whom? And where and when did they meet? These are certainly very important factors in deciding the outcome of the encounter. If we compare and analyze the different ways of contact, we may be able to understand better the character of an area, a people, or an age.

Two keywords were chosen for this study: ports and merchants. It would be ideal therefore to compare the activities of merchants and peopleﾕs attitudes to them at a certain port with those at another port of approximately the same period. However, we do not have to be so strict, and papers relating either to ports or to merchants are acceptable. In order to make it easier to compare several examples, every paper should touch upon the topography of the city during the time in question.

In this session, contacts between European and ﾒlocalﾓ people will be examined. At the same time, we cannot be but interested in the contacts and relationships between people of different backgrounds in the Orient itself. What was the influence of differences in ethnicity and religion on their activities, such as trade, customs, and immigration? All these topics will be discussed.

Session 3 Lectures:

ﾒIntermediators of Languages, Goods and Powers: Dragomans in Ottoman Aleppoﾓ

KUROKI Hidemitsu (ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign

Studies, Japan)

ﾒBuilding for Business: Urban Fabric and Merchant Communities in Ottoman Bilad ash-Shamﾓ

R歸iger KLEIN (University of T歟ingen, Germany)

ﾒVenetians in Alexandria in the First Half of the Sixteenth Centuryﾓ

HORII Yutaka (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan)

ﾒUrban Topography and Merchant Circles of Marseilles in the Eighteenth Centuryﾓ

FUKASAWA Katsumi (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

ﾒThe Armenians of Isfahan: A Merchant Community Between East and Westﾓ

Edmund HERZIG (University of Manchester, UK)

ﾒEuropeans at Bandar Abbas and the ﾔStateﾕ of Persia in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuriesﾓ

HANEDA Masashi (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

ﾒThe Merchants of Pondicherry in the Eighteenth Centuryﾓ

Philippe HAUDR餝E (University of Angers, France)

ﾒCreating an Islamic Port City in a Multi-cultural Environment: Melaka in the Fifteenth Centuryﾓ

Barbara W. ANDAYA (University of Hawaiﾕi, USA)

ﾒUnveiling an Alliance: Dutch Private Trade and People in Nagasaki in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuriesﾓ

FUJITA Kayoko (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan)

Session 4 Sufis and Saints Among the People in Muslim Societies

In Muslim societies since the early Islamic period, the people have played a politically and socially important role. If one were to consider Muslim societies from the standpoint of the people, what would be the characteristics that would most likely come to light? We would probably discover that there are many popular groups which stand out in the political and social arena: the Sufis, the saints, minority religious sects, urban outlaw groups, guilds, and so on.

This session will concentrate especially on the importance of Sufi saints and Sufi orders both in historical perspective and in contemporary times. As to this question, we may discuss how the authority, the power and the legitimacy of the Muslim societies were entangled with each other, especially in the framework of the political, social and religious roles of the Sufi saints and Sufi orders. There is agreement among most scholars with regard to the following points, namely that a) Sufi saints and Sufi orders were central actors in Muslim societies until the pre-modern period (19th century), and b) in the process of European colonization and modernization of the Muslim countries, they declined rapidly and lost their politically and socially important functions.

But Sufi saints and the Sufi orders came into resurgence in Muslim regions in the 1970s, and especially in the independent Muslim states in Central Asia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In these new states, national identities were formed and nationalism kindled by the rediscovery of historical heroes. Sufis and saints became popular with Muslim commoners once again.

We need to reconsider Sufi saints and Sufi orders in new contexts and dimensions, from both the historical and contemporary points of view, so that we may discover clues to a new interpretation of Muslim societies from the viewpoint of the people.

Session 4 Lectures:

ﾒSufi Saints and Non-Sufi Saints in Early Islamic Historyﾓ

TONAGA Yasushi (Kyoto University, Japan)

ﾒPeopleﾕs Saints or Saints of the People? Urban and Rural Models of ﾔPopular Sainthoodﾕ in the Western Maghribﾓ

Vincent CORNELL (University of Arkansas, USA)

ﾒPopular Sufi Sermons in Late Mamluk Egyptﾓ

Boaz SHOSHAN (Ben-Gurion University, Israel)

ﾒTariqas and Their Political Roles in Central Asia in the Sixteenth Centuryﾓ

HORIKAWA Toru (Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, Japan)

ﾒﾔSaintsﾕ in Evliya Ｆlebiﾕs Seyahatnameﾓ

IMAMATSU Yasushi (Kobe University, Japan)

ﾒThe Moroccan Makhzanﾕs Centralizing Policy on the Eve of the Protectorate and Its Impact on the Social Standing of Religious Groupsﾓ

Muhammad El MANSOUR (University of Mohamed V, Morocco)

ﾒSufis and Saints in Albanian Societyﾓ

Nathalie CLAYER (CNRS, France)

ﾒSufi Orders and Islamic Resurgence in Contemporary Egypt: Analysis of the Daftar of the Burhami Tariqaﾓ

KISAICHI Masatoshi (Sophia University, Japan)

ﾒPartly Saints and Partly Bedouins: The Murabiteen People Among the Bedouins of the Western Desert of Egyptﾓ

AKAHORI Masayuki (Sophia University, Japan)

ﾒBridging the Gap Between Pre-Soviet and Post-Soviet Sufism in the Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan: The Naqshbandi Order Between Tradition and Innovationﾓ

Thierry ZARCONE (CNRS, France)

Session 5 Social Protests and Nation-Building in Muslim Societies

In modern times, people in Muslim societies have organized various kinds of social and political movements against the invasion of Western powers on one hand, and against state control on the other. These movements could be considered as protests against the political system and affairs of the time, in tandem with the formation of nation-states in modern times.

This session aims to examine the continuity and discontinuity of two important ages, that is, the Age of Imperialism (the modern age from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century) and the Age of Globalization (the contemporary age since the end of the Cold War). Special attention should be paid to the Islamic elements, for they played a significant role in the peoplesﾕ movements and reflected the ideological circumstances in Muslim societies.

In this session, the Middle East and Central Asia will be compared. The session is composed of two parts, ﾒThe Historical Perspectiveﾓ and ﾒThe Contemporary Perspective,ﾓ which deal with the peoplesﾕ movements in the Age of Imperialism and the Age of Globalization, respectively.

Session 5 Lectures:

ﾒRevolutions Against Informal Empire in the Middle Eastﾓ

Joan R. COLE (University of Michigan, USA)

ﾒThe Dialectics of Decay (inqiraz) and Reform (islah) in Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia During the Tsarist Period (1767-1917)ﾓ

St姿hane DUDOIGNON (CNRS, France)

ﾒSermon and Admonition as a Medium of Social Protest and Accommodation, 1915 and 2000ﾓ

Ingeborg BALDAUF (Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany)

ﾒBetween ﾔImamaﾕ and ﾔUmmaﾕ: The Dynamics of Nation-Building in the Nile Valleyﾓ

KURITA Yoshiko (Chiba University, Japan)

ﾒThe Basmachi Movement as a Mirror of Central Asian Society in the Revolutionary Periodﾓ

OBIYA Chika (Japan Center for Area Studies, National Museum of Ethnology, Japan)

ﾒReza Shahﾕs Changing Dictatorship and Protest Movements in Iran, 1925-1941ﾓ

YOSHIMURA Shintaro (Hiroshima University, Japan)

ﾒEmerging New Social Movements in the Middle East: Cultural Politics of the Youth in Iran and Egyptﾓ

Asef BAYAT (American University in Cairo, Egypt)

ﾒUrban Networks, Rural Loyalties and Nationalism: Comparing Iraq, Syria and Iranﾓ

Isam Al-KHAFAJI (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

ﾒIslam and Nation-State Building in Central Asia: The Islamic Movement in Tajikistanﾓ

Saodat OLIMOVA (Center of Information and Analysis ﾒSHARQﾓ,

Tajikistan)

ﾒThe Impact of Social Ideas on the Arab Baﾔth: Ideology and Political Action of Wahib al-Ghanimﾓ

AOYAMA Hiroyuki (Institute of Developing Economies, Japan)

ﾒWhy Are Social Protests Weak in Central Asia? Relations Between the State and the People in the Era of Nation-Building and Globalizationﾓ

UYAMA Tomohiko (Hokkaido University, Japan)

ﾒPolitical Discourses on the 1991 Intifada in Iraq: Islamists, Nationalists, and the Governmentﾓ

SAKAI Keiko (Institute of Developing Economies, Japan)

Session 6 Contracts, Validity, Documentation Historical Research of the Sharia Courts

For a long time, the judicial organization of Muslim societies has been managed, in general, according to Islamic law (shariﾔa). The documents which were drafted, validated, and recorded at Islamic courts were made available to scholars in the 1970s, and they opened up the possibilities of Middle Eastern studies. Now they are regarded as one of the most important sources for the study of the social, economic, and cultural history of Muslim societies. Recent studies based on Islamic court records achieved admirable results, for example, in the studies of Muslim women, peasants, and minorities.

Let us now reconsider these Islamic court records carefully. As Dror Zeﾕevi said, ﾒthese records are often regarded by researchers as a single, homogeneous source and treated as a simple account of factsﾓ but ﾒshariﾔa court records are a complex source... researchers should be cautious about accepting the information they contain at face value.ﾓ In other words it is dangerous for us to treat the records as flawless unbiased sources.

This session aims for two goals. The first goal is to confirm the kinds of functions Islamic courts carried out in Muslim societies. The courts of the Ottoman Empire are relatively well known: the Islamic courts executed official documents, validated contracts, and settled lawsuits. But even here we should re-examine their basic roles and compare them between different times and places.

The second goal is to reconsider the validity of Islamic court records as historical sources. Their usefulness for quantitative history, narrative history, and micro-history has already, to some extent, been proved. However we should be conscious of their limitations at the same time, and move towards another methodology in order to make this field even more productive in the future.

Session 6 Lectures:

ﾒA Fourteenth-Century Jerusalem Court Record Regarding Divorceﾓ

Donald P. LITTLE (McGill University, Canada)

ﾒMarriage Contracts and Documentation in Ottoman Syriaﾓ

OKAWARA Tomoki (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,

Japan)

ﾒContracts of Sale from Mongol Iran: Formulary and Judicial Proceduresﾓ

Monika GRONKE (K嗟n University, Germany)

ﾒPurchasing Properties in Eighteenth-Century Damascus: The Case of the ﾔAzm Familyﾓ

Brigitte MARINO (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan)

ﾒRumeli sad詠eti mahkemesi in the Ottoman Legal System: 1543-1590ﾓ

MATSUO Yuriko (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology, Japan)

ﾒThe Case of ﾔDoubled Vaqfﾕ: A Study on Qajar Shariﾔa Courtsﾓ

KONDO Nobuaki (Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan)

Session 7 Islamic Area Studies with Geographic Information Systems

This session focuses on several topics of Islamic Area Studies enhanced by the use of modern information technology, Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Islamic Area Studies, more or less, deals with geographical factors for the word ﾒareaﾓ connotes a geographic notion. In Islamic area studies, we have to manage spatial data, i.e. attribute data associated with locations. A decade ago, this management was difficult due to poor computer performance in treating geometrical functions. In recent years, however, this difficulty has been overcome by GIS, a computer processing tool for constructing, managing, analyzing, and visualizing spatial data. In this session, we will show several applications of GIS to Islamic Area Studies.

We studied three areas: India, Turkey and Syria, and Central Asia. In India, we will show the effect of the Muslim reign on native communities in Ponneri over 200 years. We will also show the spatial distribution of castes in the same period. In Turkey and Syria, we analyzed architectural as well as city-wide spatial structures in several cities. We will propose new models for the analysis of historical/spatial multi-layers using GIS and apply them to the old city of Damascus. We also analyzed the street network in Istanbul, taking into account the three-dimensional topography. In the case of Central Asia, we will show demographic and socio-economical changes during the 20th century on a detailed map of the Ferghana Valley, where the resurgence of Islam has been observed since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Session 7 Lectures:

ﾒIntroducing GIS in Islamic Area Studiesﾓ

OKABE Atsuyuki (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

ﾒConstructing Spatial Databases from Old Documents and Mapsﾓ

SADAHIRO Yukio (The University of Tokyo, Japan), MIZUSHIMA

Tsukasa (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

ﾒIslamic Elements and South Indian Society: A View from Eighteenth-Century Chingleputﾓ

MIZUSHIMA Tsukasa (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

ﾒThe Spatial Structure of Commercial Areas in Turkey and Other Islamic Countriesﾓ

TSURUTA Yoshiko (Showa Womenﾕs University, Japan), ARAI Yuji (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan), JINNAI Hidenobu (Hosei University, Japan), SHISHIDO Katsumi (Hosei University, Japan), SATO Atsuhiko (Hosei University, Japan)

ﾒExtension of Space Syntactic Idea to 3-Dimensional Surfaces and Its Application to the Historical Part of Istanbulﾓ

ASAMI Yasushi (The University of Tokyo, Japan), Ayse Sema KUBAT (Istanbul Technical University, Turkey), KITAGAWA Kensuke (The University of Tokyo, Japan), IIDA Shinichi (University College London, UK)

ﾒStudy on a Spatial Pattern of the Old City of Damascus, Syria, Using GISﾓ

MAGARIBUCHI Hidekuni (The University of Tokyo, Japan), OIKAWA Kiyoaki (The University of Tokyo, Japan), ITO Kaori (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan)

ﾒChanges in the Ferghana Valley in the Twentieth Centuryﾓ

KOMATSU Hisao (The University of Tokyo, Japan), GOTO Yutaka (Hirosaki University, Japan)